Electrode arrays and systems for inserting same

ABSTRACT

Electrode arrays and systems for inserting same are disclosed. In some embodiments, electrode arrays are provided, the electrode arrays comprising: a passive-bending portion; an active-bending portion coupled to the passive bending portion; a plurality of electrodes located in at least one of the passive-bending portion and the active bending portion; and an actuator that causes the active-bending portion to deflect from the passive-bending portion. In some embodiments, systems for inserting an electrode array in the body are provided, the systems comprising: an insertion module for controllably inserting the electrode array in the body and sensing forces applied to the electrode array; a monitor for providing information to a user; and a controller coupled to the insertion module and the monitor, wherein the controller causes the insertion module to control an amount of force that is applied to the electrode array.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/726,770, filed on Oct. 14, 2005, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/772,796, filed on Feb. 13, 2006, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/781,994, filed on Mar. 13, 2006, which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

TECHNOLOGY AREA

The disclosed subject matter relates to electrode arrays and systems for inserting same.

BACKGROUND

Cochlear implants have been a major advent in the field of hearing repair. Cochlear implants have aided patients suffering from severe hearing loss due to damaged neuroepithelial cells of the inner ear. Typically, during cochlear implant surgery, a cochlear implant is placed under the skin in a small dimple carved in the mastoid bone. The implant comprises a receiver and a delicate, highly flexible beam called an electrode array that is inserted into the cochlea. The receiver receives (e.g., from an external microphone with a processor and a transmitter) and delivers the necessary excitation to the auditory nerve via the electrode array. In this way, the electrode array restores some sense of hearing by bypassing damaged neuroepithelial cells (hair cells) in the inner ear and directly providing electrical stimulation to the auditory nerve.

During insertion, the electrode array is usually inserted into the cochlea through a round window into the scala tympani channel. This surgery involves a high level of risk because injuring the basilar membrane can result in complete loss of residual hearing.

The success and applicability of cochlear implants are currently limited by several factors. For example, during cochlear implantation, electrode array insertion is performed “blindly,” without controlling the interaction of the electrode array and cochlear duct. Also, for example, during implantation, the electrode array can buckle (e.g., from impacting the inner ear) and be rendered nonfunctional. Because of the risk, this surgery is typically performed on a limited subset of the population.

SUMMARY

In accordance with the disclosed subject matter, electrode arrays and systems for inserting same are disclosed.

In some embodiments, electrode arrays are provided, the electrode arrays comprising: a passive-bending portion; an active-bending portion coupled to the passive bending portion; at least one electrode located in at least one of the passive-bending portion and the active bending portion; and an actuator that causes the active-bending portion to deflect from the passive-bending portion.

In some embodiments, electrode arrays are providing, comprising: means for providing a passive-bending portion; means for providing an active-bending portion coupled to the passive bending portion; means for providing a plurality of electrodes located in at least one of the passive-bending portion and the active bending portion; and means for deflecting the active-bending portion from the passive-bending portion.

In some embodiments, electrode arrays configured for insertion into a cavity are provided, comprising: a body defining a long-axis and having a distal tip; and an actuator for deflecting the distal tip from the long axis.

In some embodiments, systems for inserting an electrode array in the body are provided, the systems comprising: an insertion module for controllably inserting the electrode array in the body and sensing forces applied to the electrode array; a monitor for providing information to a user; and a controller coupled to the insertion module and the monitor, wherein the controller causes the insertion module to control an amount of force that is applied to the electrode array.

In some embodiments, systems for inserting an electrode array in the body are provided, comprising: a means for controllably inserting the electrode array in the body and sensing forces applied to the electrode array; and a means, coupled to the insertion module and the monitor, for causing the means for controllably inserting to control an amount of force that is applied to the electrode array.

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

The disclosed subject matter will be apparent upon consideration of the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is an anatomical depiction of a human ear and cochlear implant in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosed subject matter;

FIG. 2 is a side, cross-sectional view drawing illustrating an active-bending electrode array in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosed subject matter;

FIG. 3 demonstrates an active-bending electrode array during various ranges of deflection in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosed subject matter;

FIG. 4A is a depiction of a system for inserting an electrode array in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosed subject matter;

FIG. 4B is a depiction of another system for inserting an electrode array in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosed subject matter;

FIGS. 5A-5D are graphs that can be presented during insertion of an electrode array in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosed subject matter;

FIG. 6 is a diagram of a process for controlling systems for inserting an electrode array in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosed subject matter;

FIGS. 7A-7C displays various models of a cochlea in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosed subject matter; and

FIGS. 8 and 9 are images demonstrating some of the dimensions used to determine various mathematical relationships in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosed subject matter.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In accordance with the disclosed subject matter, electrode arrays and systems for inserting same are disclosed.

In some embodiments, an active-bending electrode array can be inserted in the cochlea to restore hearing loss. As described in more detail below, in some embodiments, force can be applied to an actuation thread in the active-bending electrode array creating a deflection in an active-bending electrode array. In some embodiments, magnetic forces may be used to create a deflection in an active-bending electrode array. This deflection can assist the surgeon in implanting an active-bending electrode array in the cochlea and minimize buckling of the electrode array. In some embodiments, a system can be used to insert an electrode array (whether an active-bending electrode array or a passive-bending electrode array) in the cochlea. The system allows a surgeon to visualize the delivery of electrode array into the cochlea. For example, the surgeon can monitor forces applied on an electrode array during insertion to insure that the inner ear is not injured and the electrode array does not buckle.

Referring to FIG. 1, an anatomical depiction of the human ear is displayed. It will be apparent that the disclosed subject matter can be used in other parts of the body (e.g., the lungs, heart, kidneys, fetus, etc.). For ease of understanding, this application primarily focuses on electrode arrays implanted in the inner ear 105. In some instances, a device 110 (e.g., transmitter, receiver, microphone, or processor) can be implanted under skin in a dimple carved into the mastoid bone and attached to an electrode array 115 located in inner ear 105 by a wire connection 120. For ease of reference, the inner ear shall refer to the cochlea, vestibule, and semi-circular canals.

Referring to FIG. 2, two illustrations of an active-bending electrode array 200 that can be used in various embodiments are shown. In some instances, active-bending electrode array 200 can comprise multiple portions, such as an active-bending portion 210 and a passive-bending portion 215. Active-bending electrode array 200 can also comprise an actuation thread 220, a bounding portion 225, and a plurality of electrodes (not shown). The electrodes, for example, may comprise any suitable number of electrodes and may be positioned at any suitable location in the electrode array.

As shown, actuation thread 220 is located inside active-bending portion 210 and passive-bending portion 215. Further, actuation thread 220 can attach to active-bending portion 210 at bounded portion 225. Bounded portion 225 can attach actuation thread 220 to active-bending portion 210 using an adhesive (cyanoacrylates, polymer adhesives, etc.) or other means (melting, stitching, etc.). As shown, in some instances, actuation thread 220 can pass through passive-bending portion 215 along centerline 230 and, as actuation thread 220 passes through active-bending portion 210, actuation thread 220 diverges from centerline 230. In some instances, actuation thread 220 can pass through passive-bending portion 215 off of centerline 230. For example, actuation thread 220 can pass through passive-bending portion 215 at some distance away from centerline 215. In some embodiments, actuation thread 220 can pass through passive-bending portion 215 at an angle that is not parallel to centerline 230.

Active-bending portion 210 can deflect (e.g., from its resting configuration) when tension is applied to actuation thread 220. In some instances, passive-bending portion 215 can also deflect when tension is applied to actuation thread 220. For example, tension applied to actuation thread 220 may impart force on active-bending portion 210 causing active-bending portion 210 to deflect. In some embodiments, lessening the tension on actuation thread 220 returns active-bending portion 210 to its resting configuration. As shown in the bottom half of FIG. 2, active-bending electrode array 200 can arc by an angle 205 when tension is applied to actuation thread 220. This angle 205 can assist surgeons during surgery, reducing damage to the body (e.g., the inner ear), and reducing damage to the active-bending electrode array (e.g., lessen the chances for buckling).

In some instances, a plurality of electrodes can be located within an active-bending electrode array. Electrodes located in active-bending electrode array 200 can comprise platinum or any other material deemed suitable. In some instances, electrodes located within active-bending electrode array 200 are in a location where they contact the inner ear. For example, the surface of an active-bending electrode array can have holes (e.g., pores, dimples, cut outs, etc.) where electrodes can touch the inner ear of a patient. That is, the electrodes may remain flush with the surface of an active-bending electrode array or they may extend beyond the surface of an active-bending electrode array (e.g., dimple out). In other instances, electrodes located within active-bending electrode array 200 can be in a location where they do not contact the inner ear of a patient. For example, the electrodes can be fully embedded in the active-bending electrode array. The electrodes in electrode array can be electrically coupled to any suitable device, such as device 110 of FIG. 1.

In some instances, both active-bending portion 210 and passive-bending portion 215 comprise a substantially similar material. For example, active-bending portion 210 and passive-bending portion 215 can comprise a flexible material (e.g., silicon rubber, plastic, urethane, etc.). In other instances, the properties of active-bending portion 210 and passive-bending portion 215 are substantially different. For example, passive-bending portion 215 can comprise a material that is substantially more rigid than active-bending portion 210. This can be done, for example, to increase the ability to push active-bending electrode array while still allowing a substantial deflection in active-bending portion 210.

In some instances, actuation thread 220 can be a single uniform material. For example, actuation thread 220 can be constructed of a Kevlar thread with a diameter of about 10 μm. In other instances, the properties across the length of actuation thread 220 can vary. That is, actuation thread 220 can have different properties depending on where it is located in an active-bending electrode array. It will be understood that actuation thread 220 can be a substantially solid material exhibiting a uniform cross section (e.g., circular, hollow, square, rectangular, star shaped, etc.). Further, actuation thread 220 can comprise more than one material. For example, actuation thread 220 can be a braid or weave of more than one material. Actuation thread 220 can comprise any suitable material, such as a natural material (cotton, silk, etc.), synthetic material (nylon, Teflon, etc.), metallic material (carbon, NiTi, etc.), or any other suitable material. In some instances, more than one actuation thread can be used in an active-bending electrode array.

In some embodiments, active-bending electrode array 200 can have a substantially consistent shape and can have a substantially smooth outer surface. In some embodiments, variations in the shape and/or the outer surface of active-bending electrode array 200 can change the properties of active-bending electrode array 200. For example, active-bending electrode array 200 can include surface variations (e.g., pits or grooves) or varying thickness (e.g., thinned in the active-bending portion) thereby concentrating stress at a specific location. This concentrated stress can provide enhanced control over angle 205 when force is applied.

In some instances, bonding portion 225 can be located near a distal end of active-bending electrode array 200. Bonding portion 225 alternatively can be located at any other location or set of locations.

In some embodiments, a magnet and a magnetic steering device can be used to create angle 205. For example, a magnetic stylet may be located within array 200, and a magnetic steering device may include controller-controlled electro-magnets. Steering can be accomplished utilizing the intrinsic properties of magnets (e.g., like charges repel, opposite charges attract, etc.). One or more magnets can be located at different locations in an active-bending electrode array. Bonding portion 225 can bond a magnet to an active-bending electrode array. Any material that reacts with a magnet (e.g., ferrous materials) can be used instead of a magnet in suitable circumstances. In some instances, a magnet can be permanently bonded in an active-bending electrode array. In other instances, a magnet can be temporarily bonded in an active-bending electrode array. For example, after an active-bending electrode array is placed in a patient the surgeon can remove the magnet (e.g., by pulling on a thread attached to the magnet).

Referring to FIG. 3, in some embodiments, actuation thread 220 (not shown) can allow an active-bending electrode array 200 to deflect various amounts. As shown, applying tension to actuation thread 220 (not shown) can create a substantial deflection in active-bending electrode array 200 as is illustrated by deflections 305, 310, 315 and 317. As shown, in some embodiments, various angles of deflection 320 may be possible. For example, angles of deflection 320 may be in excess of 360 degrees in some embodiments.

Referring to FIG. 4A, in some embodiments, a system 400 can be used for inserting an electrode array (e.g., an active-bending electrode array or a passive-bending electrode array). System 400 can comprise an input device 405, an insertion module 410, a data connection 415, a controller 425, and a monitor 420. System 400 can also include a table 430 that allows motion in one or more directions (e.g., motion in a positive or negative direction along one or more orthogonal axes). In some embodiments, an arm 435 can connect insertion module 410 with table 430. In some embodiments, arm 435 can be robotic.

In use, insertion module 410 can be placed near the site of entry into the body (e.g., the ear canal, incision point, etc.). In some instances, insertion module 410 can sit on table 430 that is also located near the site of entry into the body. In some embodiments, insertion module 410 may be attached to a patient's head using a stereotactic frame or any other suitable mechanism. Using input device 405, the user can steer insertion module 410 into and inside the body. Insertion module 410 can then advance an electrode array into the body. While advancing, insertion module 410 can receive force and location measurements on the electrode array from sensors in insertion module 410. Force and location measurements can be displayed to the user on monitor 420. If an active-bending electrode array is used, controller 425 can deflect the active-bending electrode array by applying force (e.g., tension on an actuation thread) to the active-bending electrode array. When the electrode array is in a desirable position, insertion module 410 can be removed from the body leaving the electrode array in the body. In some embodiments, the angle of approach and deflection of an electrode array can be controlled by a path-planning module in controller 425, while the depth of insertion can be controlled through input device 405 by the user.

In some embodiments, insertion module 410 can reduce frictional forces on an electrode array by vibrating the electrode array. For example, insertion module 410 can vibrate an electrode array to decrease frictional forces as the electrode array traverses the inner ear. In some instances, vibration in insertion module 410 is a periodic oscillation, aperiodic oscillation, or a combination of both periodic and aperiodic oscillations.

In some instances, vibration can be sensed by at least one sensor in system 400 and a counteractive force created by an at least one actuator located in insertion module 410.

In some embodiments, insertion module 410 can move in many directions. For example, insertion module 410 can have six-axis motion. Six-axis motion in insertion module 410 can be provided by a six-axis miniature parallel system. Further, insertion module 410 can have at least one sensor (e.g., an ATI Nano 17 U-S-3 six-axis force sensor produced by ATI Industrial Automation located in Apex N.C.) for measuring force (e.g., force applied to an electrode array).

In some embodiments, system 400 guides an under-actuated active-bending electrode array. That is, system 400 has fewer actuators than degrees-of-freedom that can be controlled.

In some embodiments, rather than delivering an active-bending electrode array, system 400 delivers a passive-bending electrode array into the body. A passive-bending electrode array deflects when an external force (e.g., impacting tissue in the body) is applied to it.

In some embodiments, system 400 can incorporate a magnetic guidance system. In these embodiments, an active-bending electrode array comprises an active-bending portion, a passive-bending portion, and a magnet or a magnetic material. In some instances, there may be no actuation thread in the active-bending electrode array. A magnetic guidance system can be located external to the body. In some instances, a magnetic guidance system can be attached to insertion module 410. A magnetic guidance system can incorporate electro magnets. When a deflection is desired, the system can apply magnetic force to an active-bending electrode array and produce a deflection similar to that seen when force is applied by an actuation thread. In some instances, a magnet can be attached (e.g., by a thread) to insertion module 410. When desired, insertion module 410 can apply force and remove the magnet from the active-bending electrode array.

In some embodiments, input device 405 can incorporate force feedback. When force is detected on an electrode array (e.g., a force detected by an active-bending electrode array connected to the parallel robot through a small ATI Nano 17 U-S-3 six-axis force sensor) force can be applied by input device 405 (e.g., Sidewinder Force Feedback™ from Microsoft Co., Impulse Stick from Immersion Corporation, etc.) to the user. For example, as force applied to an active-bending electrode array increases, input device 405 can vibrate or provide resistance with increasing strength indicating the situation to the surgeon.

In some embodiments, the surgeon controls the motion of the insertion module in all directions using the input device and relies on information displayed on monitor 420. For example, the surgeon can deliver an electrode array into the body and determine the safety of insertion based on, for example, the insertion force measurements provided on monitor 420 based on force feedback.

In some embodiments, the surgeon controls the insertion module in the axial direction during insertion while a controller 425 steers all other directions. In some instances, the controller, for example, has a preset path-planning module. In some instances, the preset path-planning module is based on, for example, 3D extensions of a 2D template of a cochlea. In some instances, using a path-planning module, the forces on the electrode array are reduced during insertion. In some instances, the surgeon controls the speed of the insertion (e.g., via the input device) while the controller controls the orientation of insertion and the bending of the electrode (e.g., using the insertion module).

In some embodiments, system 400 can perform the insertion automatically while offering the surgeon the possibility to take control. For example, the system may deliver an electrode array by following a path-planning module based on patient data.

In some embodiments, monitor 420 can display the location of the active-bending electrode array in the body (e.g., the inner ear) and can also display a graph of the force being applied to the active-bending electrode array (e.g., as illustrated in FIGS. 5A and 5B). In some instances, a single line in the graph can demonstrate all forces applied to an active-bending electrode array. In other instances, multiple lines in the graph can display various forces applied to an active-bending electrode array. For example, one line in the graph can display external forces (e.g., force from contacting the body) applied on an active-bending electrode array and another line can display the force applied by an actuation thread.

For example, as shown in FIG. 5A, in some embodiments, monitor 420 displays the force applied on a passive-bending electrode array with respect to insertion distance in the body. For example, at an insertion displacement (i.e., the distance the electrode array has been inserted into the body) of 30 mm (e.g., 30 mm from the point of entry into the body) the sensed force on the passive-bending electrode array is 2.5 grams. In some instances, an electrode array may buckle. Buckled electrode arrays may be displayed on monitor 420 as a substantial peak in force and/or flat line. For example, area 540 indicates a buckled passive-bending electrode array.

Referring to FIG. 5B, in some embodiments, monitor 420 displays the force applied on an active-bending electrode array with respect to the insertion distance in the body. For example, at an insertion displacement of 50 mm the sensed force on the active-bending electrode array is 5 grams.

Referring to FIG. 5C, in some embodiments, monitor 420 displays more than one plot of forces applied on an electrode array (e.g., active-bending electrode array plot 560 and passive bending electrode array plot 550). For example, force measurements can be stored and displayed on monitor 420 thereby aiding a surgeon in determining if the force on the electrode array is beyond an acceptable limit. In some instances, force measurements displayed against insertion distances can be used to determine how to bend an active-bending electrode array at various insertion depths. For example, if increased force is observed at a certain depth, this can indicate to the surgeon that a deflection is required.

Referring to FIG. 5D, in some embodiments, monitor 420 displays insertion speed of an electrode array with respect to insertion distance. For example, the insertion speed displayed against insertion displacement can be for an active-bending electrode array. As shown, in some embodiments, the insertion speed may remain substantially constant (e.g., constant region 550). In other embodiments, the insertion speed may change at various depth of insertion (e.g., variable region 560).

It will be understood that monitor 420 can display any form of information (e.g., forces, temperature, time, velocity, acceleration, vibration, etc.) to the surgeon related to an electrode array insertion (e.g. delivering, positioning, etc.).

Referring back to FIG. 4B, in some embodiments, a surgeon 505 can guide the insertion of an electrode array without using an insertion module 410 or input device 405. Rather, the surgeon 505 can use an insertion module 450. Like insertion module 410, insertion module 450 can be used to insert an electrode array into the cochlea. In some embodiments, insertion module 450 can compensate for external forces. For example, input module 450 can compensate for tremors in the surgeon's hand using suitable motion sensors and actuators. External forces (e.g., tremors in the surgeon's hands) can be detected by a sensor, a digital processing device can determine the corrective force needed, and an insertion module can produce the corrective force to compensate for the external force. External force compensation can be as simple as, for example, detecting an external force and applying an equal and opposite force to counter the external force. However, external force compensation can be significantly more complex, for example, analyzing the external force and comparing the force to a range of allowable forces. If the external force falls outside an acceptable range of allowable force, the force compensation system can cancel out the force. Force cancellation can involve not simply a single equal and opposite force, but, rather, for example, it can require a series of small forces compensating for the larger external force.

Controller 450 may be any suitable device or devices for receiving input from and controlling the operation of input device 405, insertion modules 410 and 450, arm 435, table 430, and monitor 420 illustrated in FIGS. 4A and 4B. For example, controller 450 may be a general-purpose computer, including a digital processing device, with suitable interface cards.

Turning to FIG. 6, a diagram of a process 600 that can operate in controller 425 is illustrated. As shown, process 600 can receive user input at 602. This user input may be provided from user input device 405 or insertion module 450, and may include hand movements (whether intentional or unintentional), button depressions, etc. At 604, process 600 can detect forces applied on an electrode array. These forces may be detected by insertion module 410 or 450 as described above. At 608, process 600 can determine the movement required of insertion module 410 or 450. This movement can include movement to insert the electrode array, bend the electrode array, remove insertion module 410, remove hand tremors from insertion module 450, move arm 435, move table 430 or any other movement associated with insertion module 410, arm 435, table 430, and insertion module 450. The movement determined by 608 can include movement calculated by a path-planning module as described herein. At 610, process 610 may drive the movement of insertion module 410, arm 435, table 430, and insertion module 450. The drive signals may be generated by a suitable interface in controller 450. The force detected at 604 and the movement driven at 610 can be used to provide an output to monitor 420 at 606. At 606, process 600 can additionally or alternatively generate any other suitable output to monitor 420 as described herein. At 612, process 600 may provide feedback to a user, such as by creating force on a joystick being used by the user, as described above. Process 600 may then loop back to 602. While the blocks of process 600 are illustrated in FIG. 6 as occurring in a specific order, it should be apparent to one of skill in the art that these blocks may occur in any suitable order or in parallel.

Referring to FIG. 7A, in some embodiments, a 3D model can be used to simulate surgery. For example, as displayed, a computer model 700 of a cochlea can be produced using Computer-Aided Design (CAD) tools. Using stereo-lithography, computer model 700 can be used to create a prototype model 705 of a cochlea. Further, the prototype model can be used to create a 3D model for performing simulated surgery (e.g., practicing using a system for inserting an active-bending electrode array).

Referring to FIG. 7B, in some embodiments, an electrode array (i.e., an active-bending electrode array 200 or a passive-bending electrode array 720) may be delivered into a cochlea model 710 (e.g., delivered into cochlea model 710 at an insertion point 750). For example, cochlea model 710 can be used to facilitate teaching doctors how to deliver active-bending electrode array 200 and passive-bending electrode array 720 into a cochlea. Experiments performed on cochlea models can, for example, establish better deflections for active-bending electrodes and help to eliminate frictional forces applied to an electrode array during delivery. It will be understood that frictional forces applied to an electrode array may buckle the electrode array. For example, as shown in slides I-V, passive-bending electrode array 720 can be inserted into cochlea model 710, however, prior to completing the first 180 degrees, passive-bending electrode array 720 buckles as shown in area 725. Referring to steps VI-X active-bending electrode array 200 enters into cochlea model 710 and completes the first 180 degrees without buckling. Referring to step IX, active-bending electrode array 200 creates a deflection 740. In some embodiments, deflection 740 allows active-bending electrode array 200 to be delivered into a cochlea without buckling. In some embodiments, a cochlea model may be placed in a human skull model. For example, this may be done to provide the surgeon with a more realistic training environment.

Referring to FIG. 7C, in some embodiments, an active-bending electrode array can shape (e.g., curve, bend, etc.) at least partially to the anatomy of the cochlea. For example, the shape of the cochlea can be displayed as a cochlea curve 730, the shape of an active-bending electrode array delivered into the cochlea can be displayed as an active-bending electrode array curve 735, and the shape of a passive-bending electrode array delivered into the cochlea can be displayed as a passive-bending electrode array curve 740. As shown, for example, active-bending electrode array curve 735 more accurately adheres to cochlea curve 730 than passive-bending electrode array curve 740. In some embodiments, for example, an active-bending electrode array delivered into the cochlea more accurately follows the curvature of the cochlea and generates less frictional forces than a passive-bending electrode array. In some embodiments, the active-bending electrode array more accurately adheres to the curvature of a cochlea than a passive-bending electrode array because, for example, the active-bending electrode array can create an deflection.

Referring to FIGS. 8 and 9, in some embodiments, an active-bending electrode array can be modeled kinematically. For example, let {{circumflex over (x)}_(w),ŷ_(w),{circumflex over (z)}_(w)} refer to the world coordinate system, and {{circumflex over (x)}_(l),ŷ_(l),{circumflex over (z)}_(l)} refer to the coordinate system characterizing the plane in which the active-bending electrode array deflects. Also, let {{circumflex over (x)}_(p),ŷ_(p),{circumflex over (z)}_(p)} refer to a coordinate system attached to a moving stand where an insertion module is located. Coordinate system {{circumflex over (x)}_(e),ŷ_(e),{circumflex over (z)}_(e)} is defined as being attached at the tip of an active-bending electrode array and aligned such that {circumflex over (x)}_(e) lies in {{circumflex over (x)}_(l),{circumflex over (z)}_(l)} plane and {circumflex over (z)}_(e) is the tangent to the active-bending electrode array at its tip. The shape of the active-bending electrode array can be characterized using the mathematical representation shown in equation 1, where θ refers to the angle of the curve tangent in the {{circumflex over (x)}_(l),{circumflex over (z)}_(l)} plane and s refers to the arc-length parameter along the curve h(s):

→

² describing the backbone of the active-bending electrode array (i.e., the length from s=0 at the base of the active-bending electrode array to s=1 at the tip of the active-bending electrode array).

$\begin{matrix} {{\theta (s)} = {{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{n}{a_{n}{\phi_{n}(s)}}} = {a^{t}{\phi (s)}}}} & (1) \end{matrix}$

The active-bending electrode array can be assumed to bend in the plane {{circumflex over (x)}_(l),{circumflex over (z)}_(l)}. The configuration of an active-bending electrode array can be controlled by q_(p) and q_(e), where q_(p) designates the joint coordinates of an insertion module holding the active-bending electrode array and q_(e) designates the joint variables of the electrode array. The electrode array coordinates, q_(e), can be related to the bending angle at the tip of the active-bending electrode array according to q_(e)=f(θ(L)). As shown in equation 2, each point along the backbone of an active-bending electrode array can be given by direct integration along h(s):

→

² while accounting for any location contraction ε(s)<0 due to the actuation forces acting on the body of the active-bending electrode array (e.g., forces acting on the silicon rubber). ε(s) can be computed based on the stiffness properties of an active-bending electrode array and can, for example, be verified experimentally by visually tracking motions of markers along the active-bending electrode array's axis. Matrix ^(w)R_(l) can refer to the rotation matrix relating {{circumflex over (x)}_(l),ŷ_(l),{circumflex over (z)}_(l)} coordinated system to {{circumflex over (x)}_(w),ŷ_(w),{circumflex over (z)}_(w)} and t(q_(p)) can refer to the position of a stand, where an insertion module is located, with respect to {{circumflex over (x)}_(w),ŷ_(w),{circumflex over (z)}_(w)}. Using the twist distribution g(θ_(L),s), as in equation 3, one can define the instantaneous kinematics for each point along the backbone of the electrode array as in equation 4. The configuration vector (i.e., the position and orientation of each location coordinate system along the backbone) is defined by x(s)ε

^(6x1). J_(p) refers to the instantaneous kinematics Jacobian of an insertion module such that {dot over (q)}_(p)={dot over (j)}_(p){dot over (x)}_(p) where {dot over (x)}_(p) is the linear and angular velocity of a movable stand. J_(e) refers to the Jacobian of an active-bending electrode array to be derived. The first term of equation 4 represents the kinematics of the insertion module and the second term represents the kinematics of an active-bending electrode array.

$\begin{matrix} {{r(s)} = {{{{}_{}^{}{}_{}^{}}{\int_{0}^{e}{\left( {\left( {1 + {ɛ(\tau)}} \right)\begin{bmatrix} \begin{matrix} {\cos\left( {a^{t}{\phi (\tau)}} \right.} \\ 0 \end{matrix} \\ {\sin\left( {a^{t}{\phi (\tau)}} \right.} \end{bmatrix}} \right){\tau}}}} + {t\left( q_{p} \right)}}} & (2) \end{matrix}$ {dot over (θ)}(s)=g(θ_(Ls)){dot over (θ)}(L)  (3)

{dot over (x)}(s)=J _(p) ⁻¹ {dot over (q)} _(p)+^(w)

_(l) J _(e) {dot over (q)} _(e)  (4)

Still referring to FIGS. 7 and 8, in some embodiments, a path-planning module can utilize a shape Jacobian to determine the required level of steering inside the cochlea. The shape Jacobian can define the relationship between the instantaneous velocity and the time derivative of an error vector describing the difference between the actual position of tele-robotic device and a time-varying curve that defines its desired shape. That is, the shape Jacobian can be used to determine the required level of steering inside the cochlea by comparing the actual position against the theoretical position and compensating for the difference. For example, the actual position of the insertion module can be calculated by using equation 5 wherein d represents the current depth of insertion into the body (e.g., insertion displacement), the active-bending electrode array is divided into m segments, and the configurations of m+1 points along the inserted portion by p({tilde over (q)}) where {tilde over (q)}=[q_(e) ^(l),q_(p) ^(l)]^(l) refers to the augmented joint variables' vector. The theoretical location in the body can be determined using equation 6, wherein p_(d) is a vector of m+1 configurations along the curve c(s):

→

³. Thus, for each insertion depth, d, an error vector can be quantified using equation 7. The distance between the center of the inner ear and the inserted portion of the electrode array is minimized using equation 8. The solution of equation 8 can be achieved using a mathematical optimization technique (e.g., least-squares sense) and will yield the value of the desired actuation variables {tilde over (q)}=[q_(e) ^(l),q_(p) ^(l)]^(l).

$\begin{matrix} {{{p\left( \overset{\sim}{q} \right)} = \left\lbrack {{r(L)},\left\lbrack {r\left( {L - {\frac{j}{m}d}} \right)} \right\rbrack^{t}} \right\rbrack^{t}}{{j = 1},2,{3\mspace{14mu} \ldots \mspace{14mu} m}}} & (5) \\ {{P_{d} = \left\lbrack {{c(L)},\left\lbrack {c\left( {L - {\frac{j}{m}d}} \right)} \right\rbrack^{t}} \right\rbrack^{t}}{{j = 1},2,{3\mspace{14mu} \ldots \mspace{14mu} m}}} & (6) \end{matrix}$ e(d): p(q)−P_(d).  (7)

Min_({tilde over (q)})(e^(l)e)  (8)

Additionally or alternatively, a path planning module in accordance with some embodiments may calculate the path of an electrode array as follows. Let s_(q) represent the electrode insertion depth and let θ_(c)(s) be the shape of the cochlea. Equation 9 returns the optimal value of q that minimizes the shape difference between the inserted portion of the electrode and the cochlea. The optimal value of q is found by calculating the objective function for all columns of Φ and the minimum is found by numerical interpolation between the columns that best approximate the minimum value of the objective function.

$\begin{matrix} {\underset{q}{argmin}{\int_{L - s_{q}}^{L}\left( {{{\theta_{c}(s)} - {\theta (s)}}}^{2} \right)}} & (9) \end{matrix}$

In some embodiments, the distance between the electrode array and the wall of the cochlea can be calculated. The calculated distances between the electrode array and the wall of the cochlea can be used to lessen frictional forces between the electrode array and the cochlea. For example, equation 10 can be used to quantify the performance of an active-bending electrode array. E(θ) refers to the distance between the inserted portion of the electrode array and the wall of the cochlea and θ refers to the angle of the electrode curve tangent to the x-y plane. In some embodiments, equation 10 may be used to determine the optimal routing of an actuation thread.

$\begin{matrix} {\overset{\_}{E} = {\int_{\theta_{m\; i\; n}}^{\theta_{m\; {ax}}}{{E(\theta)}{{\theta}/\left( {\theta_{{ma}\; x} - \theta_{m\; i\; n}} \right)}}}} & (10) \end{matrix}$

The insertion force due to friction between the electrode and cochlea may be equivalent to friction force in a band brake system, which depends on the contact angle of the electrode with the external walls of the cochlea. To explain this, third-order polynomials can be fitted to the digitized data to represent the curve of the external wall of the electrode, r_(c), and the curve of the outer wall of the cochlea, r_(l). Using these polynomial representations a distance metric e(θ)=∥r_(c)(θ)−r_(l)(θ)∥₂ θε[0,φ] can be calculated (where φ is the insertion angle) and averaged for every insertion angle during the insertion as shown in equation (11).

$\begin{matrix} {\overset{\_}{e} = {\phi^{- 1}{\int_{0}^{\phi}{{e(\theta)}{\theta}}}}} & (11) \end{matrix}$

This explains the decrease in the insertion forces when the electrode is actuated since the average distance metric is increased significantly compared to the passive electrode array. Moreover, the difference between the active electrode array and the passive electrode array becomes more prominent as the insertion depth increases.

In some embodiments, the speed of insertion is adjusted to minimize the force of insertion. For example, referring to equation 12, f_(s) refers to the force and m_(s) refers to force and moment measured by a force sensor. {dot over (X)}_(q) refers to the twist (i.e., linear and angular velocity) of the parallel robot at the point where the electrode is supported. {circumflex over (z)}_(g) refers to the tangent to the electrode at the point where the electrode is supported. Scalars that adjust the insertion speed along and perpendicular to the electrode tangent {circumflex over (z)}_(g) are represented by ν_(ins) and ν_(l). The first term in equation 12 determines the insertion speed while the second term in equation 12 adjusts the velocity to follow the involute of the electrode shape as the insertion forces increase.

{dot over (X)} _(g)=ν_(ins) {circumflex over (z)} _(g)+ν_(l)((I−{circumflex over (z)} _(g) {circumflex over (z)} _(g) ^(l))f _(s)/∥(I−{circumflex over (z)} _(g) {circumflex over (z)} _(g) ^(l))f _(s)∥₂  (12)

The insertion speed (i.e., ν_(ins)) can be determined by equation 13. Where ν_(min) and ν_(max) are the minimal and maximal tolerable insertion speeds. The parameter t can be determined based on disparity between the measured insertion force intensity f_(ins)=f_(s) ^(l){circumflex over (z)}_(g) and the magnitude of the typical insertion forces {tilde over (f)}(θ) for a non-steerable electrode based on a friction model or on experimental results. Equation 14 relies on the assumption that a steerable electrode will be able to follow the shape of the cochlea and to reduce insertion forces. Parameters α and β can be determined experimentally. Parameter β will have an inverse relationship with ν_(ins) (i.e., as ν_(ins) decreases as a result of large insertion forces, β will be increased to provide more motion in the direction of the electrode involute).

ν_(ins)=ν_(min) +tα(ν_(max)−ν_(min)),tε[0,1],αε

  (13)

t=({tilde over (f)}(θ)=f _(ins) /{tilde over (f)}(θ)  (14)

In some embodiments, the friction force between the walls of the inner ear (e.g., scala tympani) and the electrode array may be calculated and used to better the design of the electrode array. For example using equation 15 the deflection in an active-bending electrode array may be optimized to minimize frictional forces on an active-bending electrode array. f refers to the total friction force (i.e. insertion force) required. f_(end) refers to any force action on the tip of the electrode array to prevent it from sliding against the walls of the cochlea. f_(end)e^(uθ) refers to the required force to overcome f_(end) acting at the tip of the electrode array. θ refers to the total contact angle between the cochlea and the electrode array. f_(s)e^(uθ) refers to the expression for the coulomb friction due to contact pressure generated by the bending rigidity of the electrode array.

f=f _(end) e ^(uθ) +f _(s) e ^(uθ)  (15)

Other embodiments, extensions, and modifications of the ideas presented above are comprehended and are within the reach of one versed in the art upon reviewing the present disclosure. Accordingly, the scope of the present invention in its various aspects are not be limited by the examples presented above. The individual aspects of the present invention, and the entirety of the invention are to be regarded so as to allow for such design modifications and future developments within the scope of the present disclosure. For example, although specific features are described herein in certain combinations, the present invention may be practiced using any combination of any of all or a subset of these features. The present invention is limited only by the claims that follow. 

1-23. (canceled)
 24. A steerable electrode array that can be implanted in an inner ear of a patient, comprising: a passive-bending portion; an active-bending portion coupled to the passive bending portion, wherein the passive-bending portion and the active-bending portion can shape at least partially to an anatomy of in an inner ear of a patient and are configured for permanent implantation in the inner ear; a plurality of electrodes located in at least one of the passive-bending portion and the active bending portion and is configured to excite auditory nerve in the inner ear by providing electrical stimulation; and at least one actuation thread located in the passive-bending portion and the active-bending portion and configured to cause the active-bending portion to deflect from the passive-bending portion when tension is applied.
 25. The steerable electrode array of claim 24, wherein the active-bending portion is made of a substantially flexible material.
 26. The steerable electrode array of claim 24, wherein the passive-bending portion and the active-bending portion are made of a same material or substantially similar materials.
 27. The steerable electrode array of claim 24, wherein the at least one actuation thread is coupled to the active-bending portion at a distal end of the active-bending portion.
 28. The steerable electrode array of claim 27, wherein the at least one actuation thread is temporarily bonded to the active-bending portion.
 29. The steerable electrode array of claim 27, wherein the at least one actuation thread is permanently bonded to the active-bending portion.
 30. The steerable electrode array of claim 24, wherein the at least one actuation thread is coupled to the active-bending portion at a plurality of points.
 31. The steerable electrode array of claim 24, wherein the at least one actuation thread is one of a magnet or a ferrous material that can react with a magnet.
 32. The steerable electrode array of claim 24, wherein the at least one actuation thread is made of a uniform material.
 33. The steerable electrode array of claim 24, wherein the at least one actuation thread is one of a braid or weave that is made of more than one material, including at least two of cotton, silk, nylon, Teflon, carbon, and/or nickel titanium.
 34. The steerable electrode array of claim 24, wherein the at least one actuation thread has different properties depending on where in the electrode array the actuation thread is located.
 35. The steerable electrode array of claim 24, wherein the at least one actuation thread is a substantially solid material exhibiting a uniform cross section.
 36. The steerable electrode array of claim 35, wherein the cross section can be one of circular cross section, square cross section, rectangular cross section, star shaped cross section or a hollow cross section.
 37. The steerable electrode array of claim 24, wherein the plurality of electrodes are in a location where the electrodes contact the inner ear.
 38. The steerable electrode array of claim 37, wherein the plurality of electrodes remain flush with a surface of the electrode array.
 39. The steerable electrode array of claim 37, wherein the plurality of electrodes extend beyond a surface of the electrode array.
 40. The steerable electrode array of claim 24, wherein the plurality of electrodes are in a location where the electrodes do not contact the inner ear.
 41. The steerable electrode array of claim 24, wherein the at least one actuation thread passes through the passive-bending portion along the passive-bending portion's centerline.
 42. The steerable electrode array of claim 24, wherein the at least one actuation thread passes through the passive-bending portion off of the passive-bending portion's centerline.
 43. The steerable electrode array of claim 24, wherein the at least one actuation thread passes through the passive-bending portion at an angle that is not parallel to the passive-bending portion's centerline. 